NFKB1 and Immunodeficiency: Gueguen et al. (2013) proposed that regulation of NF-κ-β by PDV vankyrins leads to an immune deficiency that contributes to the successful colonization of the host and survival of the developing parasitoid larvae. The similar profile of gene expression in larvae of D. saccharalis parasitized and pseudoparasitized by C. flavipes demonstrates that the regulation of the host immune system seems to rely exclusively on maternal virulence factors.