To better understand the synapse type-specific effects of FXS on the neocortical synaptic circuitry, we investigated the changes in different synaptic populations and their association with astrocytes in the adult mouse somatosensory cortex, an area in which a variety of deficits have been reported for FMR1 KO mice37–39. The gene discussed is FMR1; the disease is fragile X syndrome.