TNF and cancer: Consistent with a previous report42, cocultivation experiments demonstrated that CAR-T-T1E cell recognition of cancer cells expressed all possible EGFR- or HER3-based dimers, leading to the production of IL-2, TNF and IFN-γ, whereas CAR-T-CTX and CAR-T-TTZ were only activated by the corresponding antigen-expressing cells (Supplementary Fig. 8).