ADIPOQ and migraine disorder: Most recently, a randomized sham-controlled VNS migraine study [4] found most of the inter-ictal measured cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and HMGB1 unchanged before and after VNS as were the metabolic markers leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin, although serum concentrations were higher in migraine subjects compared to healthy controls.