TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Additionally, starvation-induced autophagy was shown to be responsible for phosphodiesterase 4A degradation, cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling [50], TGFβ1 expression, and EMT markers in hepatocellular carcinoma cells [49,50], and rapamycin induced migration, invasion, and EMT marker expression in colorectal cancer cells, which could be decreased by beclin 1 knockdown [56].