BRAF and cancer: Clinical evidence suggests that another group of patients that will benefit by the addition of autophagy inhibitors to their therapeutic regime will be those whose cancers have developed resistance to targeted therapy, as has been shown for BRAF-inhibitor-resistant brain tumors [3,29] or those receiving chemotherapies which have been shown to induce protective autophagy in cancer cells, as has been shown for the addition of HCQ to patients with advanced solid tumors and melanoma treated with temozolomide [131].