In addition, up-regulation of miR-1-3p in AF was observed in experimental tachy-pacing AF models (Jia et al., 2013; Torrado et al., 2015), where it contributed to AF-induced electrical remodeling by targeting KCNE1 and KCNB2 genes (Jia et al., 2013). Here, KCNE1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.