It is not clear what the source of increased Ca2+ is, however, increased levels of Ca2+ channels, such as the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV1), have been shown to be upregulated in rodent models of AD, with blockers, such as nifedipine, being effective in trails to prevent the cognitive decline that occurs in AD (Coon et al., 1999; Anekonda et al., 2011; Goodison et al., 2012; Nimmrich and Eckert, 2013; Daschil et al., 2015). Here, CAV1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.