For instance, an upregulation of macroautophagy following an overwhelmed chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) system as a result of overexpression of misfolded aggregates of α-synuclein has been shown in mice and in vitro PD model systems (Spencer et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2009; Ebrahimi-Fakhari et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene SNCA and Parkinson disease.