INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and lifelong metabolic disorder1 that occurs either when the pancreas does not secret enough insulin, due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells through an autoimmune mechanism, precipitating insulin-dependent/type 1 diabetes2, or when the body’s cells do not respond to insulin as effectively as they once did and unable to properly utilize the energy produced from the food, resulting in elevated levels of glucose circulating in the blood, otherwise known as insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes3.