TIMP1 and congenital rubella syndrome: They analyzed adenoid tissue homogenates from 16 children with CRS and from 24 children without CRS to quantify the levels of inflammatory cell activation markers, including soluble interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD23 (sCD23), IL-6, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), and tryptase, and the levels of cytokines associated with tissue remodeling, like transforming growth factor (TGF)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 and 9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1.