GSK3B and post-traumatic stress disorder: In the present study, western blotting analysis showed that SPS-induced PTSD did not change the level of total GSK-3β (Figure 3A and D), but markedly decreased the expression of phosphorylated-GSK-3β at Ser9 (Figure 2B) and increased the expression of phosphorylated-GSK-3β at Thr216 in the hippocampus as compared to control (Figure 2C), supporting that SPS upregulates GSK-3β activity.