They found that cognitively impaired AD patients had higher circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CXCL2, NLRP3 and IL-1β) and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and that the Escherichia/Shigella amount correlated positively with this behavior; consequently, they hypothesized that alterations of the gut microbiota, i.e., increased levels of pro-inflammatory (Escherichia/Shigella) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory (Eubacterium rectale) species, may have a role in AD cognitive impairment [76]. Here, NLRP3 is linked to Alzheimer disease.