These include VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), angiogenin, transforming growth factor (TGF)-α, TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, platelet-derived endothelial growth factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, placental growth factor, interleukin-8, hepatocyte growth factor and epidermal growth factor [113], whose release is also stimulated by the tumor microenvironment itself. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.