CCL2 and infection: Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are notably elevated during the early phases of infection in the case for sepsis, while IL-6 gradually increases over time [116].