MAPK8 and ischemia: Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the expression of cortex p-P44/42, total P44/42, total JNK1/2, and total p38 MAPK among all experimental groups (p > 0.05, Supplementary Material S2B–D), indicating that PNGL may downregulate the phosphorylation levels of the MAPKs, thus decreasing neuroinflammation after ischemia by modulating innate and adaptive immunity.