TNF and colitis: Research studies on this topic include the assessment of various treatments, such as hemin (a heme-oxygenase inducer) [35], vitamin D [36], lactate [37], anti-TNF monoclonal antibody [38] or plant-derived compounds (resveratrol [39], gallic acid [40], red seaweed Porphyra vietnamensis [41], or a 6-herb Chinese medicinal formula [42]), which have proven anti-inflammatory properties able to prevent or to ameliorate the severity of colitis.