In human and murine lupus nephritic tissues, enhanced NF-κB activation was also detected, and this could drive the proliferation of mesangial cells (a primary lesion characteristics of lupus nephritis) and expression of a range of chemotactic factors, including CCL2, CCL5, MCP-1, and IL-8, in vitro [51,52]. Here, CCL2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.