The most plausible is that cholestasis induces the release of BA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, chemokine CCL2, chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 2, and CXCL2, among others) by hepatocytes in addition to the responses of cholangiocytes and the innate immune cells in liver. The gene discussed is CXCL2; the disease is cholestasis.