Supporting this theory, is the prevalence of upregulated GVIN1 (interferon-induced GTPase) and ZC3HAV1 (associated with mRNA turnover), both of which have previously been linked to an intracellular response to invading pathogens including viruses but here may constitute a response to an intracellular bacterial infection [25,26]. The gene discussed is GVINP1; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.