TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: It remains of clinical importance for medical practitioners to record information and act on smoking status for patients with IBD regardless of geography and ethnicity, especially in light of data suggesting smoking confers an adverse disease course in CD and is a risk factor in non-response to anti-TNF therapy.[14] Large-scale prospective inception cohorts assessing the associations of smoking for both UC and CD in Eastern and Western populations will add to the available data.