CSF2 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Perivascular and adventitial accumulation of monocytes and macrophages and augmented expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (GM-CSF, CCL2, CX3CL1, CXCL12, and IL6), have been consistently reported in patients with PAH and experimental preclinical PH models (4–8).