AR and urinary bladder carcinoma: Among the most relevant signaling pathways investigated in animal models of bladder cancer are the EGFR-RAS-MAPK [18], FGFR3-RAS-MAPK [19], VEGF-RAS-MAPK [20], PI3K-Akt-mTOR [21, 22], AR-PI3K/Akt [23], and STAT3-Survivin [24] pathways.