The levels of cytokines in the supernatants of these cultures revealed a significant increase in TNF-α (Figure 3A), IFN-γ (Figure 3B), IL-10 (Figure 3C), and GM-CSF (Figure 3D) only in the control group after 24 h of L. amazonensis infection, with a gradual increase until 72 h post-infection, as compared to the IGHD subjects (p < 0.05). Here, TNF is linked to infection.