SOD2 and glioblastoma: To investigate the differences in intracellular molecular mechanisms of the effects of PAM and PAL in glioblastoma cells, we measured gene expression levels of antioxidant genes such as CAT, SOD2, and GPX1. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that PAM elevated stress-inducible genes that induce apoptosis such as GADD45α signaling molecules.