ACE and heart failure: In the Prevention of Events with Angiogensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition (PEACE) trial, FGF23 levels were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure even when adjusted for renal function and established cardiovascular markers, and, intriguingly, ACE inhibition by trandolapril significantly reduced these risks, but only for patients in the top quartile of FGF23 plasma concentrations [71].