In line with previous experimental studies [8,9], FGF23 stimulation resulted in hypertrophic growth of NRVM and induction of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), well-established markers for cardiac hypertrophy [39], which were inhibited by co-treatment with CsA (Figure 4A–C). Here, NPPB is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.