MAPK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: SFN metabolites (sulforaphane-cysteine (SFN-Cys) and sulforaphane-N-acetyl-cysteine (SFN-NAC)) have been shown to induce the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), leading to microtubule disruption and apoptosis in DU145 and PC3 human PCa cell lines [38].