Recent study has reported that a 190-kDa protein antigen (PA), known as SpaP, P1 and antigen 1/2, of S. mutans affects the interaction with human serum, and the heart valves extirpated from rat infected with CBP-positive/PA-negative S. mutans strain showed prominent bacterial mass formation using in vivo infective endocarditis model, suggesting that CBP-positive/PA-negative S. mutans strain contribute to the pathogenicity in infective endocarditis [74]. Here, PDZK1IP1 is linked to infective endocarditis.