This work demonstrated that the autotaxin signaling axis was attenuated in males, but not females; furthermore, this attenuation corresponded to a significant increase in miR-29a-3p and miR-29b-3p in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells from COPD patients, and miR-29b-3p and miR-29c-3p in the bronchial epithelial cell brushings [84]. This evidence concerns the gene ENPP2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.