GCG and Impaired glucose tolerance: In the same study, the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice infected with A. actinomycetemcomitan compared to controls (HFD mice without A. actinomycetemcomitan infection) showed impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and greater hepatic steatosis together with up-regulation of several genes, leading to increased glucagon and adipocytokine signaling upon liver microarray analysis [180].