GDF15 and Familial prostate cancer: In the present study, we analyzed several publicly available clinical prostate cancer datasets encompassing over 1000 primary prostate cancer samples and over 200 metastatic CRPC samples to assess the role of GDF15 in prostate cancer progression, and we characterized the functional significance of GDF15 induction in mediating the effects of MSA in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.