In particular, antibody-mediated interventions targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes and the principal ligand (PD-L1) on tumour cells can reverse tumour-induced immunosuppression and induce durable clinical responses1. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.