Cytokines GM-CSF, GRO-α, I-309, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, MCP-2, TNF-α, thrombopoietin, BLC, Flt-3 ligand, HGF, IP-10, MIF, and MIP-3α were elevated by ≥1.5 fold relative to mock infection in both independent biological replicates of the cytokine array (Fig 1). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.