As in humans, Type 1 (T1DM) in dogs is generally irreversible, and is caused by lack of insulin secretion in response to glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia, acid-base and electrolyte disorders, polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss, and is accompanied by a broad spectrum of diabetes-induced end organ damage and other complications, including blindness due to retinopathy and cataracts, opportunistic infections, neurological and other serious micro- and macro-vascular complications [4–6]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.