TXN and diabetic kidney disease: Samra et al. found that Cepharanthine (CEP), Piperine (Pip), and their combination played a crucial role in inhibiting the inflammatory effect in the DKD animal model through decreasing the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) level, acting like a mediator of oxidative stress by directly binding to the antioxidant catalytic site of thioredoxin (TRX), which consequently decrease NLRP3 activation and production of inflammatory cytokines [56].