Downstream, IL-18 acts on NK and T-cells to express and secrete IFN-γ (Kim et al., 2015); we monitored IFN-γ gene expression and secretion and found they were increased, post-NLRP3-inflammasome activation, in PBMCs from patients with CF compared to HC (Figure 2—figure supplement 1C,D). The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is cystic fibrosis.