IL18 and colitis: The data here suggest that IL-18 may be a useful therapeutic target, by preventing adaptive cell airway infiltration whilst maintaining a potent IL-1β response to infection (Gabay et al., 2018); however, NLRP3 activation exercises a protective role in animal models of induced colitis (Allen et al., 2010), running contrary to the expectation that reduced NLRP3 expression might reduce inflammation in the bowel.