HF-diet feeding has been shown by others to induce the expression of a number of proinflammatory factors that we have previously found to be elevated in our TNF-α and/or ovalbumin models (i.e. IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, GM-CSF)48; therefore, we examined the ability of (R)-DOI to protect against the effects of a high fat diet in the ApoE−/− mouse model. Here, CSF2 is linked to hydrops fetalis.