Although the real relevance of EMT in malignant glioma is still controversial, it has been strongly associated with glioma malignancy, and it has been verified that the established groups of EMT-activators in the Twist- and Snail-families enhance glioma cell migration and invasion abilities both in vitro and in vivo, as displayed in an animal study and in patient-derived specimens 34, 35. This evidence concerns the gene TWIST1 and malignant glioma.