Further, using real time PCR and western blot analysis, PEG–FTn75%/AF was also found to be two times more effective at inhibiting the in vivo expression of HIF-1α and HIF-1α driver genes (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), when compared to free AF (Figure 3E). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and atrial fibrillation.