As reported by Hsu and colleagues, a PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score (TPS) ≧50% for clinical NSCLC specimens was associated with a significant risk of acquiring primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs when compared to patients with PD-L1 TPS < 50%, with an odds ratio (OR) of 16.47 (95% Cl: 2.10–129.16, P = 0.008) in a study of 66 surgically resected samples [177]. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.