In regard to the immunity of individual patients, a previous study showed that co-infection has been associated with a strong activation of acute phase response, such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL1-β and also Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12). The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is coinfection.