CASP4 and urinary tract infection: The hlyA hemolysin, in the context of urinary tract infection, is regulated by the Cpx stress response system and capable of inducing Caspase-1/Caspase-4 dependent inflammatory cell death in vitro; in vivo, overexpression of this toxin leads to rapid exfoliation of bladder epithelial cells, with the net effect of reducing bacterial burdens83.