Established signatures describing the inflammatory TME and possible response to anti-PD-1 therapy (tumor inflammatory score35, interferon gamma36, T cell exhaustion37, and T cell effector38 signatures) additionally showed a high linear correlation with our TIPB signature (Spearman correlation ≥ 0.85, BH adjusted p < 0.01, Supplementary Fig. 3D). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.