In addition, the expression levels of atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1 mRNAs, two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases that play an essential role in promoting cancer-induced muscle loss34, is strongly induced (6-fold) in the muscle of LLC-control but not in LLC-muHuR-KO mice (Fig. 8c). Here, FBXO32 is linked to cancer.