Among vimentin-deficient models, we used: adrenal carcinoma SW13/cl.2 cells, a well-known model for vimentin cellular studies due to their lack of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments31; MCF7 breast carcinoma cells, which express various cytoplasmic keratins but no vimentin32; and the fibroblast-like HAP1 VIM knockout cell line, HAP1 vim(−). Here, VIM is linked to breast carcinoma.