The effect of rs1799889 in the gene coding for PAI-1 (SERPINE1) on pneumococcal meningitis outcome was studied in a Dutch study with 400 patients and they found an effect on occurrence of cerebral infarction (OR 2·20, 95% CI 1·19–4·07), unfavourable outcome (OR 1·69, 95% CI 1·03–2·78) and mortality (OR 2·20, 95% CI 1·02–4·86) [60]. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to pneumococcal meningitis.