AKT1 and glioma: We used anticancer agents dichloroacetate (DCA), a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor currently in clinical investigation as antineoplastic treatment [24] that we had previously shown to induce autophagy [25], and PI-103, a dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT (AKT serine/threonine kinase) and MTOR inhibitor that also induces cytoprotective autophagy in drug-resistant glioma and myeloma [26,27], to initiate autophagy in well-nourished conditions.