TNF and Insulin resistance: In a randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement with 250 mg/2 weeks for 24 weeks on insulin resistance in men with T2DM and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [33], insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in testosterone treatment group, while the concentration of inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-1β, and TNF-α were obviously decreased as compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05).