CD40 and pulmonary emphysema: Moreover, Th1 and Th17 cells, and CD40 and CD86 in the lungs of mice with emphysema positively correlated with the levels of extracellular DNA in BALF (r = 0.758, P = 0.011; r = 0.830, P = 0.003; r = 0.855, P = 0.002; r = 0.673, P = 0.033; respectively; Fig. 9e).