A putative NF-kB binding site in the promoter of MUC5AC has also been identified as critical to the induction of MUC5AC expression by IL-1β and IL-17A [105], which are both elevated in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of IPF patients [106]. This evidence concerns the gene MUC5AC and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.