MAPK8 and neoplasm: As shown in Fig. 6b and in Fig. 6c, the anti-PD-L1 antibodies inhibited the phosphorylation/activation of MAPK and JNK and induced the cleavage of caspase-3 more efficiently compared to untreated tumor cells, thus confirming the results relative to the association of PD-L1 to these pathways observed in vitro, and mentioned above.